the shades of the Lower World

* * *

Mānes, ĭum ( fem., Inscr. ap. Fea, Var. di Notiz. p. 174; Inscr. Grut. 786, 5), m. [manus, good; v. mane], with or without di.

The deified souls of the departed, the ghosts or shades of the dead, the gods of the Lower World, infernal deities, manes (as benevolent spirits, opp. to larvae and lemures, malevolent spirits):

deorum manium jura sancta sunto,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

Manibus divis mactatus,

Lucr. 6, 759:

Manibu' divis Inferias mittunt,

id. 3, 52; Cic. Pis. 7, 16:

sacrae (res) sunt quae Dis superis consecratae sunt: religiosae, quae Diis manibus relictae sunt,

Gai. Inst. 2, 4.—

Esp., the departed spirit, ghost, shade of a person:

nec patris Anchisae cinerem manesve revelli,

Verg. A. 4, 427:

conjugis,

id. ib. 6, 119;

3, 303: manes Virginiae,

Liv. 3, 58, 11; 21, 10, 3:

camilli,

Juv. 2, 154; Sen. Contr. 3, 16, 21:

Galbae,

Suet. Oth. 7. —In sing.:

nomine Manem deum nuncupant,

App. de Deo Socr. 15, p. 50, 19.—

Transf.

The Lower World, infernal regions ( poet.):

Manesque profundi,

Verg. G. 1, 243:

haec Manes veniet mihi fama sub imos,

id. A. 4, 387:

esse aliquos Manes et subterranea regna,

Juv. 3, 149. And in apposition:

fabulae Manes,

Hor. C. 1, 4, 16. —

Punishments inflicted in the Lower World ( poet.):

quisque suos patimur Manes,

Verg. A. 6, 743 (Manes id est supplicia, Serv.); so Stat. Th. 8, 84; Aus. Ephem. 57. —

A corpse (post-Aug.):

accipiet manes parvula testa meos,

Prop. 2, 13, 32 (3, 5, 16); Liv. 31, 30:

ea causa est, ut pleraeque alitum e manibus hominum oculos potissimum appetant,

Plin. 11, 37, 55, § 148; 16, 44, 85, § 234.

* * *

ănĭma, ae, f. ( gen. animāï, Lucr. 1, 112; 3, 150 et saep.; cf. Neue, Formenl. I. p. 12; Lachm. ad Lucr. 1, 29; dat. and abl. plur. regul. animis, Cic. Fam. 14, 14; Lact. Inst. 6, 20, 19; 7, 2, 1; Arn. 2, 18; 2, 30; 2, 33; Aug. Civ. Dei, 13, 18; 13, 19; id. Ver. Relig. 22, 43:

animabus, only in eccl. and later Lat.,

Vulg. Exod. 30, 12; ib. Psa. 77, 18; ib. Matt. 11, 29; ib. Heb. 13, 17 et saep.; Tert. adv. Marc. 4, 34; id. Anim. 33 al.; Aug. Civ. Dei, 19, 23; Prud. c. Symm. 1, 531; Aus. Rer. Odyss. 11; Serv. ad Verg. A. 6, 136 al.; Neue, Formenl. I. p. 29) [v. animus], pr. that which blows or breathes; hence,

Lit., air, a current of air, a breeze, wind (mostly poet.):

ne quid animae forte amittat dormiens,

Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 23 sq.: vela ventorum animae immittere, Att. ap. Non. p. 234, 9 (Trag. Rel. p. 137 Rib.):

aurarum leves animae,

Lucr. 5, 236:

prece quaesit Ventorum pavidus paces animasque secundas,

he anxiously implores a lull in the winds and a favoring breeze, id. 5, 1229:

impellunt animae lintea,

Hor. C. 4, 12, 2:

Ne dubites quin haec animaï turbida sit vis,

Lucr. 6, 693: Quantum ignes animaeque [p. 121] valent (of the wind in the workshop of Vulcan), Verg. A. 8, 403.—Also of a flame of fire (blowing like the air): noctilucam tollo, ad focum fero, inflo; anima reviviscit, Varr. ap. Non. p. 234, 5.—

Transf.

In gen., the air, as an element, like fire, water, and earth (mostly poet.): aqua, terra, anima et sol, Enn. ap. Varr. R. R. 1, 4, 1:

qui quattuor ex rebus posse omnia rentur, Ex igni, terrā atque animā, procrescere et imbri,

Lucr. 1, 715:

ut, quem ad modum ignis animae, sic anima aquae, quodque anima aquae, id aqua terrae proportione redderet. Earum quattuor rerum etc.,

Cic. Tim. 5:

utrum (animus) sit ignis, an anima, an sanguis,

id. Ac. 2, 39, 124:

si anima est (animus), fortasse dissipabitur,

id. Tusc. 1, 1, 24; 1, 25, 6:

si deus aut anima aut ignis est, idem est animus hominis,

id. ib. 1, 26, 65:

animus ex inflammatā animā constat, ut potissimum videri video Panaetio,

id. ib. 1, 18, 42:

Semina terrarumque animaeque,

Verg. E. 6, 32.—

The air inhaled and exhaled, breath (concr.); while spiritus denotes orig. breathing (abstr.; very freq. in prose and poetry); cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 54, 136:

excipiat animam eam, quae ducta sit spiritu,

Plaut. As. 5, 2, 44:

animam compressi, aurem admovi,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 6, 28 Ruhnk.:

animam recipe,

take breath, id. Ad. 3, 2, 26:

cum spiritus ejus (sc. Demosthenis) esset angustior, tantum continendā animā in dicendo est assecutus, ut, etc.,

Cic. de Or. 1, 61, 261:

ne circuitus ipse verborum sit longior quam vires atque anima patiatur,

id. ib. 3, 49, 191; 3, 46, 181; id. N. D. 2, 54, 136: fetida anima nasum oppugnat, Titin. ap. Non. p. 233, 5 (Com. Rel. p. 136 Rib.); Caecil. ib. 9:

qui non modo animum integrum, sed ne animam quidem puram conservare potuisset,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 58: animas et olentia Medi Ora fovent illo, with this the Medes correct their breath, etc., Verg. G. 2, 134:

respiramen iterque Eripiunt animae,

Ov. M. 12, 143; cf. id. F. 1, 425:

animae gravitas,

bad smell of the breath, Plin. 20, 9, 35, § 91; cf. id. 11, 37, 72, § 188; 22, 25, 64, § 132 al.:

artavit clusitque animam,

Luc. 4, 370; so Tac. A. 6, 50:

spes illorum abominatio animae,

Vulg. Job, 11, 20.—Of breath exhaled:

inspirant graves animas,

Ov. M. 4, 498.— Of the air breathed into a musical instrument, a breath of air, Varr. ap. Non. p. 233. 13.—Since air is a necessary condition of life,

1.. The vital principle, the breath of life:

animus est, quo sapimus, anima, quā vivimus,

Non. p. 426, 27 (hence anima denotes the animal principle of life, in distinction from animus, the spiritual, reasoning, willing principle; very freq. in Lucr. and class.): Mater est terra, ea parit corpus, animam aether adjugat, Pac. ap. Non. p. 75, 11 (Trag. Rel. p. 88 Rib.):

tunc cum primis ratione sagaci, Unde anima atque animi constet natura, videndum,

whence spring life and the nature of the mind, Lucr. 1, 131; 3, 158 sq.; so id. 3, 417 sq.; 3, 565; 3, 705; 2, 950; 4, 922; 4, 944; 4, 959; 6, 798; 6, 1223;

6, 1233 et saep.: deus totus est sensuus, totus visuus, totus audituus, totus animae, totus animi, totus sui,

Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 14 Jan:

quaedam (animantia) animum habent, quaedam tantum animam,

Sen. Ep. 58:

anima omnis carnis in sanguine est,

Vulg. Lev. 17, 14 al. —Hence,

In gen., life:

cum anima corpus liquerit,

Att. Trag. Rel. p. 214 Rib.:

Animae pauxillulum in me habet,

Naev. Com. Rel. p. 14 Rib.: Date ferrum, quī me animā privem, Enn. ap. Non. p. 474, 31 (Trag. Rel. p. 37 Rib.): me dicabo atque animam devōvo (i. e. devovero) hostibus, Att. ap. Non. p. 98, 12 (Trag. Rel. p. 283 Rib.):

conficit animam vis volneris,

Att. Trag. Rel. p. 209 Rib.:

adimere animam,

Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 137; so id. Men. 5, 5, 7:

exstinguere,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 16:

relinquere,

id. ib. 3, 4, 52:

edere,

Cic. Sest. 38:

de vestrā vitā, de conjugum vestrarum ac liberorum animā judicandum est,

id. Cat. 4, 9, 18:

si tibi omnia sua praeter animam tradidit,

id. Rosc. Am. 50:

libertas et anima nostra in dubio est,

Sall. C. 52, 6:

pauci, quibus relicta est anima, clausi in tenebris, etc.,

id. J. 14, 15; cf.

retinere,

id. ib. 31, 20:

de manu viri et fratris ejus requiram animam hominis,

Vulg. Gen. 9, 5; ib. Matt. 2, 20; ib. 1 Cor. 14, 7:

animam agere,

to give up the ghost, to die, Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 19;

so also efflare,

to expire, id. ib.; id. Mil. 18 fin.; Suet. Aug. 99; so,

exhalare,

Ov. M. 15, 528; and, exspirare, id. ib. 5, 106 (cf. in Gr. thumon apopneein, psuchên ekpneein, bion apopsuchein, etc.):

deponere,

Nep. Hann. 1, 3:

ponere,

Vulg. Joan. 10, 17; 13, 27:

amittere,

Lucr. 6, 1233:

emittere,

Nep. Epam. 9, 3 Br. (so in Gr. aphienai tên psuchên):

proicere,

Verg. A. 6, 436:

purpuream vomit ille animam, said of a wounded man,

id. ib. 9, 349.—In Vulg. Matt. 16, 25 and 26, anima in v. 25 seems to pass to the higher meaning, soul, (cf. infra, II. D.) in v. 26, as hê psuchê in the original also can do.— Poet.:

anima amphorae,

the fumes of wine, Phaedr. 3, 1: Ni ego illi puteo, si occepso, animam omnem intertraxero, draw up all the life of that well, i. e. draw it dry, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 41.— Trop.:

corpus imperii unius praesidis nutu, quasi animā et mente, regeretur,

Flor. 4, 3:

accentus quasi anima vocis est,

Pompon. p. 67 Lind.—Prov.: animam debere, to owe life itself, of one deeply in debt:

quid si animam debet?

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 56 (Graecum proverbium: kai autên tên psuchên opheilei, Don.).—Metaph., applied to plants and other things possessing organic life, Sen. Ep. 58; so Plin. 17, 21, 35, § 152; 31, 1, 1, § 3; 14, 1, 3, § 16 al.—

Meton., a creature endowed with anima, a living being: ova parere solet genu' pennis condecoratum, non animam, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 5, 10, 18:

hi (deos) fibris animāque litant,

Stat. Th. 2, 246; Vulg. Gen. 2, 7; ib. Josh. 11, 11; ib. Luc. 9, 56; ib. Act. 2, 43 et saep.:

animae rationis expertes,

Lact. 3, 8.—So esp. of men (as we also say souls for persons; poet. or in post-Aug. prose):

egregias animas, quae sanguine nobis Hanc patriam peperere suo, etc.,

Verg. A. 11, 24:

animae quales nec candidiores, etc.,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 41; Luc. 5, 322:

vos Treveri et ceterae servientium animae,

ministering spirits, Tac. H. 4, 32.—So in enumerations in eccl. Lat.:

hos genuit Jacob sedecim animas,

Vulg. Gen. 46, 18; 46, 22; ib. Act. 2, 41; 7, 14.—Of slaves (eccl. Lat.):

merces animarum hominum,

Vulg. Apoc. 18, 13 (after the use of hê psuchê and). —Hence, also, souls separated from the body, the shades of the Lower World, manes: Unde (ex Averno) animae excitantur, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 16, 37:

tu pias laetis animas reponis Sedibus,

Hor. C. 1, 10, 17; cf. id. S. 1, 8, 29:

animamque sepulcro Condimus,

Verg. A. 3, 67; Ov. M. 7, 612; so id. ib. 8, 488; 10, 41; 14, 411; 15, 158; Suet. Caes. 88; so,

vita: tenuīs sine corpore vitas volitare,

Verg. A. 6, 292.—So in eccl. Lat. of departed spirits:

timete eum, qui potest animam et corpus perdere in Gehennam,

Vulg. Matt. 10, 28 bis:

non derelinques animam meam in Inferno,

ib. Act. 2, 27; ib. Apoc. 6, 9; 20, 4.—

As expressive of love:

vos, meae carissimae animae,

my dearest souls, Cic. Fam. 14, 14; 14, 18:

Pro quā non metuam mori, Si parcent animae fata superstiti,

the dear surviving life, Hor. C. 3, 9, 12; cf.:

animae dimidium meae,

id. ib. 1, 3, 8:

meae pars animae,

id. ib. 2, 17, 5.—

Sometimes for animus, as the rational soul of man.

The mind as the seat of thought (cf. animus, II. A.):

anima rationis consiliique particeps,

Cic. N.D.1, 31, 87:

causa in animā sensuque meo penitus affixa atque insita,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 53:

ingenii facinora, sicut anima, immortalia sunt,

Sall. J. 2, 2.—So often in eccl. Lat.:

ad te Domine, levavi animam meam,

Vulg. Psa. 24, 1; 102, 1; 118, 129:

magnificat anima mea Dominum,

ib. Luc. 1, 46; ib. Act. 15, 24 al.—

As the seat of feeling (cf. animus, II. B.): sapimus animo, fruimur animā: sine animo anima est debilis, Att. ap. Non. p. 426, 29 (Trag. Rel. p. 175 Rib.):

desiderat anima mea ad te, Deus,

Vulg. Psa. 41, 2:

tristis est anima mea,

ib. Matt. 26, 38; ib. Joan. 10, 27 et saep.—

For consciousness (cf. animus, II. A. 3. and conscientia, II. A.):

cum perhibetur animam liquisse,

Lucr. 3, 598; in this phrase animus is more common.

effĭgĭes, ēi (ante-class. form nom.:

effĭgĭa,

Plaut. Rud. 2, 4, 7; Afran. ap. Non. 493, 2; Inscr. Orell. 7416 l.— Nom. plur.:

effigiae,

Lucr. 4, 105.— Acc. plur.:

effigias,

id. 4, 42 and 85), f. [effingo, I.], an (artistic) copy, imitation of an object (in concreto— for syn. cf.: imago, pictura, simulacrum, signum, statua, tabula).

(Class.) With the accessory idea of resemblance obtained by imitation, a likeness, portrait, image, effigy.

Lit.:

formarum,

Lucr. 4, 105; cf. id. ib. 42 and 85: Veneris, * Plaut. Rud. 2, 4, 7; cf.:

deus effigies hominis et imago,

Cic. N. D. 1, 37, 103:

quandam effigiem spirantis mortui,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1; cf. also: simulacrum deae (Veneris) non effigie humana, Tac. H. 2, 3 fin.; and:

quam satus Iapeto... Finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta deorum,

Ov. M. 1, 83:

vix convenire videretur, quem ipsum hominem cuperent evertere, ejus effigiem simulacrumque servare,

his mere effigy, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 65 fin.:

effigiem Xanthi Trojamque videtis,

Verg. A. 3, 497; of shades, ghosts:

effigiem nullo cum corpore falsi finxit apri,

Ov. M. 14, 358; Sil. 13, 778; cf.:

effigies, immo umbrae hominum,

Liv. 21, 40, 9;

of the shade of a deceased person in a dream,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 4;

or in the lower world,

Sil. 13, 779. —

Adv.: in or ad effigiem or effigie, after the likeness of, in the form of, like, Sil. 5, 5; Plin. 5, 10, 11, § 62; 21, 5, 11, § 23.—

Trop. (a favorite expression of Cic.):

perfectae eloquentiae speciem animo videmus, effigiem auribus quaerimus,

its imitation, Cic. Or. 3 (v. the passage in connection); cf.:

consiliorum ac virtutum effigiem relinquere,

id. Arch. 12, 30:

Sex. Peducaeus reliquit effigiem et humanitatis et probitatis suae filium,

the image, id. Fin. 2, 18, 58; cf. id. Tusc. 3, 2; id. de Or. 1, 43, 193; Liv. 26, 41; 1, 56:

ad effigiem justi imperii scriptus,

the ideal, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8:

ut res ipsas rerum effigies notaret,

id. de Or. 2, 86 fin.; cf.

effingo, I. B.: ostensus est in alia effigie,

appeared in another form, Vulg. Marc. 16, 12.—

Poet. and in post-Aug. prose, in gen., the plastic (less freq. the pictorial) representation of an object, an image, statue, portrait: saxea ut effigies bacchantis, * Cat. 64, 61; Verg. A. 2, 167; 184; 3, 148; 7, 177; Hor. S. 1, 8, 30; Ov. H. 20, 239; Tac. A. 1, 74; 6, 2; id. H. 5, 9 al.; Quint. 6, 1, 32; cf. id. 12, 10, 5; Ov. Tr. 1, 7, 7; Vulg. Sap. 15, 4.

Lēthē, ēs, f., = Lêthê (forgetfulness), the river Lethe, in the infernal regions, from which the Shades drank and obtained forgetfulness of the past:

pocula Lethes,

Ov. P. 2, 4, 23:

da mihi hebetantem pectora Lethen,

id. ib. 4, 1, 17:

soporifera,

id. Tr. 4, 1, 47:

immittere Lethen Stygiam alicui in viscera,

i. e. forgetfulness, Luc. 5, 221:

aqua Lethes, i. q. soporifera,

Ov. M. 11, 603.— Hence,

Lēthaeus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Lethe, Lethean.

Lit.:

ratis,

Tib. 3, 5, 24:

amnis,

Verg. A. 6, 705:

stagna,

Prop. 4 (5), 7, 91.—

Transf.

Of or belonging to the infernal regions:

Lethaei dii,

Luc. 6, 685:

tyrannus,

i. e. Pluto, Col. 10, 271:

Lethaea vincula abrumpere alicui,

to bring one from the Lower World back to life, Hor. C. 4, 7, 27:

janitor,

i. e. Anubis, Stat. S. 3, 2, 112.—

That produces sleepiness or forgetfulness, Lethean:

Lethaeo perfusa papavera somno,

Verg. G. 1, 78:

ros,

id. A. 5, 854:

papavera,

id. G. 4, 545:

sucus,

Ov. M. 7, 152:

amor,

faithless love, id. R. Am. 551:

nox,

id. A. A. 3, 648.